Cells exert, sense, and respond to physical forces through an astounding diversity of mechanisms. Here we review recently developed tools to quantify the forces generated by cells. We first review ...

Mechanical forces generated by cells not only drive the bending, stretching, alignment, and repositioning required for tissue development and homeostasis, but also regulate cell functions ranging from ...

Robot trajectories used for learning end-to-end robot policies typically contain end-effector and gripper position, workspace images, and language. Policies learned from such trajectories are ...